Clarence Edgar MURPHY, Plaintiff-Appellee,
                                                      v.

            RELIANCE STANDARD LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY, Defendant-Appellant.

                                         Nos. 99-11736, 99-13148.
                                      United States Court of Appeals,

                                              Eleventh Circuit.

                                               April 20, 2001.

Appeals from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Georgia. (No. 97-00182-CV-4),
John F. Nangle, Judge.
Before BIRCH and BLACK, Circuit Judges, and NESBITT*, District Judge.**

         BLACK, Circuit Judge:
         Appellant Reliance Standard Insurance Company appeals from the district court's order awarding

Appellee Clarence Edgar Murphy disability benefits, attorney's fees, and costs under the Employee
Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (ERISA), 29 U.S.C. §§ 1001-1461. We affirm in part, reverse in

part, and remand.
                                                      I.
         Appellee filed this action to recover disability benefits under ERISA. The district court determined

Appellee was entitled to $300,000 in benefits from Appellant. In addition, the court determined Appellee was
entitled to a reasonable attorney's fee and costs pursuant to ERISA's attorney's fee provision, 29 U.S.C. §
1132(g)(1).1 In calculating the fee, the district court considered the itemized costs submitted by Appellee's

attorney and the terms of the contingent fee contract agreed to by Appellee and his attorney.

         On appeal, Appellant raises the following three issues: (1) whether the district court properly

determined Appellee was entitled to benefits; (2) whether the district court properly determined Appellee
was entitled to a reasonable attorney's fee and costs; and (3) whether the district court properly considered


    *
     Honorable Lenore C. Nesbitt, U.S. District Judge for the Southern District of Florida, sitting by
designation.
    **
      Judge Nesbitt did not participate in this decision. This decision is rendered by a quorum. 28 U.S.C.
§ 46(d).
    1
     29 U.S.C. § 1132(g)(1) provides in relevant part: "In any action under this subchapter ... by a
participant, beneficiary, or fiduciary, the court in its discretion may allow a reasonable attorney's fee and
costs of action to either party."
the contingency fee agreement in calculating the attorney's fee. We affirm without discussion the first two

issues raised by Appellant. See 11th Cir. R. 36-1. For the reasons discussed below, we reverse and remand

for recalculation of the fee award without an enhancement for contingency.
                                                      II.

         In calculating the attorney's fee award, the district court considered the terms of the contingent fee

contract agreed to by Appellee and his attorney. The court did so in reliance on Curry v. Contract

Fabricators Inc. Profit Sharing Plan, 

(11th Cir.1990). In Curry, this Court held that the district

court did not abuse its discretion by enhancing an award for attorneys' fees based on a contingency fee

arrangement, explaining that "without such enhancement ERISA cases would not attract competent 

. This Court's holding in Curry, however, predates the Supreme Court's ruling in City of

Burlington v. Dague, 

, 

, 

(1992), which called into question the

use of contingency enhancements under federal fee-shifting statutes. Accordingly, we must reconsider, in

light of Dague, whether a district court may consider a contingency fee arrangement when calculating a fee

award under ERISA's attorney's fee provision.

        In Dague, the district court, after ruling for the respondents on the merits, determined that the

respondents were entitled to reasonable attorneys' fees under the relevant statutes, 33 U.S.C. § 1365(d) (Clean

Water Act) and 42 U.S.C. § 6972(e) (Solid Waste Disposal Act). The district court calculated the fee award
by enhancing the lodestar amount by 25%. The district court reasoned that the respondents' attorneys were
retained on a contingent-fee basis and that, absent a fee enhancement, the respondents would have faced

substantial difficulties in obtaining suitable counsel. The Court of Appeals affirmed the fee award. The

Supreme Court reversed, holding, inter alia, that an enhancement for contingency is not permitted under the

fee-shifting provisions of the Clean Water Act and the Solid Waste Disposal Act. 

,

112 S.Ct. at 2643-44.

        In Dague, the Court noted that the fee-shifting language in the Clean Water Act and Solid Waste

Disposal Act "is similar to that of many other federal fee-shifting statutes" and that "our case law construing

what is a 'reasonable' fee applies uniformly to all of 

, 112 S.Ct. at 2641. The language

of the fee provisions at issue in Dague is substantially similar to the fee provision at issue in this case, and
the rationale set forth in Dague applies with equal force to actions brought under ERISA.2 Accordingly, we

hold that a contingency fee enhancement is improper under ERISA's attorney's fee provision. Our holding

is in accord with other circuits that have addressed this issue. See e.g., Elmore v. Cone Mills Corp., 

, 863 n. 8 (4th Cir.1994) (noting the applicability of Dague to ERISA's attorney's fee provision and the

inappropriateness of enhancement based on risk contingency); Cann v. Carpenters' Pension Trust Fund for

Northern Cal., 

, 318 (9th Cir.1993) (applying Dague to ERISA's attorney's fee provision, and

holding fee could not properly be enhanced for contingency); Drennan v. General Motors Corp., 

, 254 (6th Cir.1992) (stating attorneys' fees were invalid to the extent they were enhanced under ERISA,
and reversing and remanding for findings of fact and statement of reasons).3

                                                     III.
        We AFFIRM the district court's determination that Appellee is entitled to recover $300,000 in

disability benefits under ERISA. We AFFIRM the district court's determination that Appellee is entitled to
a reasonable attorney's fee and costs. We REVERSE and REMAND for recalculation of the fee award,

without an enhancement for contingency.
        AFFIRMED IN PART, REVERSED IN PART, AND REMANDED.




    2
     Both fee shifting provisions at issue in Dague authorized a court to "award costs of litigation
(including reasonable attorney ... fees)" to a "prevailing or substantially prevailing party." 42 U.S.C. §
6972(e); 33 U.S.C. § 1365(d). The statutory language in the fee provision of ERISA, at issue in this
case, provides that "the court in its discretion may allow a reasonable attorney's fee and costs of action to
either party." 29 U.S.C. § 1132(g)(1).
    3
     We are aware that the Seventh Circuit has permitted an enhancement for contingency in an ERISA
class action that resulted in the creation of a common fund. See Cook v. Niedert, 

, 1015
(7th Cir.1998) (risk multipliers are appropriate in cases that are initiated under ERISA and settled with the
creation of a common fund); Florin v. Nationsbank of Ga., 

, 564-65 (7th Cir.1994) (same).
In permitting the enhancement, however, the Seventh Circuit made clear that the award in a common fund
case is made pursuant to the principles of equity, and not under ERISA's fee provision. See 

(noting "there is ample reason to conclude that Congress (and the Supreme Court in Dague)
did not intend to foreclose resort to equitable powers in common fund cases"). The case before us today
is not an ERISA class action resulting in the creation of a common fund. Thus, we need not address
whether a court, acting pursuant to the principles of equity, could apply an enhancement in such a case.